• Neoplasm of Urothelium (Tr. Epithelium)
• 90% of bladder carcinoma. Males 3:1, Aged, 50-70y.
• Painless hematuria, Malignant cells in urine*

Risk Factors

• β-naphthylamine
• smoking
• chronic cystitis
• schistosomiasis (mostly squamous cell carcinoma)

Morphology

• Papillary (low grade, commonest)
• Flat → Infiltrative (high grade)

pleomorphic cells forming papillary structures