• The manifestation of abnormal hyperexcitable discharges of cortical neurons
• Conditions which cause generalized or focal CNS injury and can precipitate or perpetuate seizures:
  • Hypoxia
  • Metabolic disturbances (e.g. hypoglycaemia, uremia, hepatic encephalopathy)
  • Electrolyte imbalance (e.g. hyponatraemia, hypernatraemia, hypercalcaemia)
  • Drug intoxication (e.g. anticonvulsants, antidepressants, antipsychotics, isoniazid, opioids, theophylline, sympathomimetics)
  • Drug withdrawal (e.g. alcohol, barbiturates, benzodiazepines)
  • Trauma
  • CNS neoplasia
  • Stroke
  • Intracranial haemorrhage (e.g. subrachnoid hemorrhage, intracerebral hemorrhage)
  • CNS infection (e.g. meningoencephalitis, cerebral abscess, neurocysticercosis) 🡪 would have fever

seizures/mimics

• Epilepsy
• Eclampsia
• Nonepileptic seizure/pseudoseizures
• Syncope
• Acute dystonic reactions
• Paroxysmal dyskinesia
• Rigors
• Cardiac disorders
• Migraine
• Transient ischemic attack
• Psychiatric conditions