• glomerulonephritis
• diabetes
• hypertension

early symptoms: asymptomatic, fatigue, nocturia

with progression: anaemia, hypertension

End stage: Uraemic sx - Fatigue, anorexia, nausea, vomiting, pruritis, Pericarditis, peripheral neuropathy, encephalopathy, Oliguria, fluid overload → pulmonary oedema, LVH, ↑↑CVD

<aside> 💡 >3 months evidence of structural damage, decrease in GFR (<60ml/min), or other evidence of renal damage (persistent albuminuria, haematuria, biopsy, imaging)

</aside>

• Stages (KNOW THESE (not male vs female))

• Investigations

Urine findings in CKD

• Proteinuria (albumin)
• Broad waxy casts (remember them?)
• Isotonic urine
  • Urine osmolality of ~300mmol/L
  • Urine specific gravity ~1.010